This Is Why You Should (Almost) Always Go for It on Fourth Down But Seldom Do损失厌恶让足球coaches and business leaders timid when the data says they should be bold.

Back in 2009, the football coach at a little known but prestigious high school in Arkansas had an unorthodox strategy. The coach, Kevin Kelley, always went for it on fourth down. Why? Because it made sense to him - and he couldn't understand why more coaches didn't do the same.

"You can have an extra down if you want it," he told the authors of the great bookScorecasting: The Hidden Influences Behind How Sports Are Played and Games are Won. "(But some coaches just say) no, I'll be nice and just use three."

Turns out Kelley was right. His winning percentage was 82 percent. His team won championships. His players loved the risks he took. The fans ate it up. But Kelley wasn't taking such a big risk. To him, it was crazy not to go for it on fourth down -- and the numbers, according to the book, certainly back him up.

Related:How to Take the Right Risks

The book's authors interviewed David Romer, a Cal-Berkeley economist. His paper, entitled "Do Firms Maximize? Evidence from Pro Football," analyzed 1,068 fourth down situations in more than 700 NFL games. He found that almost 90 percent of the time - 959 times to be exact - the coaches did not go for it on fourth down even though the right call would've been to do that.

How do you know it would've been the right call? You just have to look at the data. In the case of a football game it would be field position lost and the chances that the opposing team would, or did, score. Romer's analysis concluded that inside the opponent's 45-yard line, facing anything less than fourth and eight, teams are better off going for it than punting. He also found the same for when a team is inside the opponent's 33-yard line and it's anything less than fourth and 11. Regardless of field position, Romer concluded, a football team is always "better off" going for it when it's anything less than fourth and five.

So why don't more NFL coaches do this? The Scorecasting authors said it was due to "loss aversion." It's a fear that most of us, as business owners and leaders, also have.

Related:There Is No Success Without Risk

"Time and time again we let the fear of loss overpower rational decision-making and often make ourselves worse off just to avoid a potential loss," they wrote. "This loss aversion means we tend to prefer avoiding losses at the expense of acquiring gains." Because of loss aversion we don't make that key hire, avoid buying that piece of equipment, hold back from investing in a new venture. We're afraid to lose what we have.

Successful coaches like Kelley and even the Patriot's Bill Belichick (who was also cited in the book as a coach that tends to go for it on fourth down more often than not) know the data. In Philly, we Eagles fans see our coach Doug Pederson doing this too. Many credit his "aggressive tactics" for bringing the city its first ever Super Bowl championship last year.

But is this so "aggressive?" Not really. It's just about knowing when to take a risk. Smart leaders who do the analysis, know the data and have the right information at hand aren't afraid to do this. They don't suffer from loss aversion.

Related:Why 'Big Risk, Big Reward' Is a Myth

在足球业务,没有保证。You could fail. Your decision may be wrong. You could incur a loss. But why aren't you going for it when the data -- your return on investment analysis, market research, feedback from customers, experience with similar investments, a person's track record, a potential customer's orders -- is telling you that the odds are well in your favor of succeeding?