Volkswagen Shares Plunge Amid Emissions ScandalThe car company could face up to $18 billion in penalties.

Volkswagen shares plunged more than 20 percent on Monday, their biggest ever one-day fall, after news that the German carmaker had rigged U.S. emissions tests, and Germany said it would investigate whether data had been falsified in Europe too.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said on Friday Europe's biggest carmaker used software for diesel VW and Audi branded cars that deceived regulators measuring toxic emissions and could face penalties of up to $18 billion.

Germany's Economy Minister Sigmar Gabriel expressed concern over the impact of what he called "a bad case" on the country's vital auto industry and he urged Volkswagen to fully clear up the allegations.

"You will understand that we are worried that the justifiably excellent reputation of the German car industry and in particular that of Volkswagen suffers," Gabriel said.

Germany's transport minister were due to discuss the matter with Volkswagen Chief Executive Martin Winterkorn on Monday, two government sources said, without elaborating. Earlier, the government said it would conduct checks on whether emissions data had been manipulated in Germany and in Europe too.

Winterkorn said on Sunday he was "deeply sorry" for the breach of U.S. rules and ordered an external investigation. Some said Winterkorn may now have to resign.

"This disaster is beyond all expectations," said Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, head of the Center of Automotive Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen.

Analysts said it was unclear whether other automakers had also broken rules or what the ultimate cost could be for VW.

German rivals Daimler and BMW said the accusations made by U.S. authorities against VW did not apply to them.

However, industry experts predicted the scandal would hit VW hard, just as it was hoping to move on from a damaging leadership battle, with a supervisory board meeting on Friday due to discuss a new company structure and management line-up.

Winterkorn, who recently saw off a challenge to his authority with the ousting of long-time chairman Ferdinand Piech, ran the VW brand between 2007 and 2015, including the six-year period when some of its models were found violating U.S. clean air rules.

"Defeat device"

Evidence of increased toxic emissions at VW first emerged in 2014, prompting the Californian Air Resources Board (CARB) to start investigating VW, a letter by CARB to VW dated Sept. 18 showed.

CARB told VW in July that its own testing of vehicles still showed excessive nitrous emissions, leading VW to admit on Sept. 3 that it had used the "defeat device" to bypass control rules.

A source close to Volkswagen said any decision on emissions control mechanisms would have been taken at the group's Wolfsburg headquarters and not by regional divisions.

Germany's Robert Bosch supplies diesel emissions control devices to VW, an industry source said. Asked whether Bosch had supplied the electronic control module central to the EPA test findings, a company spokesman said: "We supply components for exhaust after-treatment to several manufacturers. The integration is the responsibility of the manufacturer."

The way carmakers test vehicles has been coming under growing scrutiny from regulators amid complaints from environmental groups that they use loopholes in the rules to exaggerate fuel-saving and emissions results.

At 1407 GMT, VW shares were down 19.98 percent at 129.95 euros, after hitting a three-year low of 125.4 euros. Shares in Porsche SE, a holding company which controls 51 percent of VW's common stock, also plunged around 20 percent, while the European autos index was down 4.5 percent.

VW overtook Japan's Toyota in the first half of this year to become the world's biggest carmaker by sales, but is facing a sharp slowdown in its most profitable market, China.

The U.S. scandal also adds to the challenge it faces in reviving its North American business, which has long lagged its performance elsewhere, with analysts blaming a centralized structure for hampering its ability to adapt to local conditions.

"Huge loss of trust"

Ingo Speich, a fund manager at Union Investment that owns about 0.4 percent of VW shares, said he was braced for the crisis to spread for the carmaker that makes vehicles from budget Seats and Skodas to luxury Bentleys and Lamborghinis.

"市场预期的不仅仅是美国. issue. We have to admit that just looking at the facts there is a huge loss of trust in management. That is the main issue," he said.

"For now we see this as a Volkswagen issue," he added.

Exane BNP analysts, however, said VW's problems could have wider implications for diesel vehicles, which have long struggled to gain a foothold in the U.S. market in particular.

The scandal will be discussed at VW's supervisory board meeting on Friday, a source close to the board said.

Bernd Osterloh, the head of VW's works council and a supervisory board member, called for those responsible to be held accountable.

However, the carmaker's second-largest shareholder, the German state of Lower Saxony, said decisions would have to wait until the crisis had been "fully and thoroughly" examined.

As well as regulatory fines, analysts said VW could be hit by a drop in sales as well as lawsuits from shareholders and environmental groups.

The company has already told its U.S. dealers to stop selling the diesel models criticized by U.S. regulators, while Keller Rohrback LLP has filed a nationwide class action complaint against VW's U.S. division, alleging it deliberately deceived consumers and regulators in its emissions testing.

Ratings agency Fitch said the deepening crisis could pressure the company's credit ratings.

(Additional reporting by Gernot Heller and Markus Wacket in Berlin and Ilona Wissenbach in Stuttgart.; Editing by Mark Potter and Gareth Jones)